checkmark

PHP

Introduction to PHP

What is PHP? Advantages of PHP How PHP Works (Server-Side Scripting) Setting Up a PHP Development Environment

Basics of PHP

Writing Your First PHP Script Comments in PHP Variables and Data Types Constants Operators in PHP

Control Structures

Conditional Statements (if, else, elseif) Switch Statement Loops (for, while, do-while) Break and Continue Statements

Functions in PHP

Introduction to Functions Defining Functions Function Parameters and Return Values Scope of Variables (Local and Global) Built-In Functions vs. User-Defined Functions

Arrays in PHP

Introduction to Arrays Indexed Arrays Associative Arrays Multidimensional Arrays Array Functions

Working with Forms

Creating HTML Forms Submitting Form Data Handling Form Data in PHP Form Validation and Sanitization

Working with Files and Directories

File Handling in PHP (Opening, Reading, Writing) Uploading Files in PHP Working with Directories File I/O Operations

Databases and MySQL

Setting Up a MySQL Database Connecting to a Database Querying a Database (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) Prepared Statements Handling Database Errors

PHP Sessions and Cookies

Introduction to Sessions Cookies in PHP

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP Classes and Objects Constructors and Destructors Inheritance and Polymorphism Encapsulation and Abstraction

Error Handling and Exception Handling

Handling Errors in PHP Custom Error Handling Introduction to Exceptions Try, Catch, Finally Blocks Creating Custom Exceptions

PHP and Web Security

SQL Injection Prevention Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Prevention Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Protection Data Validation and Sanitization Password Hashing PHP Security Checklist

PHP Frameworks and CMS

Introduction to PHP Frameworks (e.g., Laravel, Symfony) Overview of PHP Content Management Systems (e.g., WordPress, Joomla)

Advanced PHP Topics

RESTful APIs with PHP Working with JSON Data Creating Web Services Composer and Package Management Debugging PHP Code Performance Optimization Best Practices in PHP Development
menu Back to Edkool

Operators in PHP

Operators in PHP

Operators in PHP are symbols or special keywords used to perform operations on variables and values. PHP supports a wide range of operators that allow you to perform tasks like arithmetic calculations, comparisons, and logical operations. In this section, we'll explore the various types of operators in PHP.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations on numeric values. Here are the primary arithmetic operators in PHP:

  • Addition (+): Adds two values together.
  • Subtraction (-): Subtracts the second value from the first.
  • Multiplication (*): Multiplies two values.
  • Division (/): Divides the first value by the second.
  • Modulus (%): Returns the remainder after division.
  • Exponentiation ()**: Raises the first value to the power of the second.

Example:

$x = 10;
$y = 5;

$sum = $x + $y;       // 15
$difference = $x - $y;  // 5
$product = $x * $y;    // 50
$quotient = $x / $y;  // 2
$remainder = $x % $y;  // 0
$power = $x ** $y;    // 100000

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result (true or false). Here are the primary comparison operators in PHP:

  • Equal (==): Checks if two values are equal.
  • Identical (===): Checks if two values are equal and of the same data type.
  • Not Equal (!=) or Not Identical (!==): Check for inequality.
  • Greater Than (>) and Less Than (<): Compare numerical values.
  • Greater Than or Equal To (>=) and Less Than or Equal To (<=): Compare numerical values.
  • Combined Comparison (<=>): Introduced in PHP 7, returns -1 if the left value is less, 0 if they are equal, and 1 if the left value is greater.

Example:

$x = 10;
$y = 5;

$equal = $x == $y;       // false
$identical = $x === $y;  // false
$notEqual = $x != $y;    // true
$notIdentical = $x !== $y;  // true
$greaterThan = $x > $y;  // true
$lessThan = $x < $y;     // false
$greaterOrEqual = $x >= $y;  // true
$lessOrEqual = $x <= $y;     // false
$combinedComparison = $x <=> $y;  // 1

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values (true or false). Here are the primary logical operators in PHP:

  • And (&&): Returns true if both conditions are true.
  • Or (||): Returns true if at least one condition is true.
  • Not (!): Returns the opposite of the condition.
  • Xor: Returns true if exactly one condition is true.

Example:

$x = true;
$y = false;

$andResult = $x && $y;  // false
$orResult = $x || $y;    // true
$notX = !$x;            // false
$xorResult = $x xor $y;  // true

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. They also allow you to perform an operation during assignment. Here are some common assignment operators:

  • Assignment (=): Assigns a value to a variable.
  • Addition Assignment (+=): Adds a value to the variable.
  • Subtraction Assignment (-=): Subtracts a value from the variable.
  • Multiplication Assignment (*=): Multiplies the variable by a value.
  • Division Assignment (/=): Divides the variable by a value.

Example:

$x = 5;
$x += 2;   // $x is now 7
$x -= 3;   // $x is now 4
$x *= 6;   // $x is now 24
$x /= 4;   // $x is now 6

Other Operators

PHP also includes other operators, such as:

  • Concatenation (.): Used to concatenate strings.
  • Increment (++) and Decrement (--): Increase or decrease a variable by one.
  • Ternary Operator (?:): A shorthand way of writing conditional statements.
  • Null Coalescing Operator (??): Introduced in PHP 7, used to handle null values more conveniently.
$name = "John";
$greeting = "Hello, " . $name;  // "Hello, John"

$counter = 5;
$counter++;   // $counter is now 6
$counter--;   // $counter is now 5

$age = 18;
$status = ($age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";  // "Adult"

Understanding these operators is essential for performing a wide range of operations in your PHP code. Whether you're performing calculations, comparisons, or logical operations, operators are fundamental to your PHP development journey.

Previous Constants
Next Conditional Statements (if, else, elseif)