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Python

Basics of Python

Installing Python Setting up a Development Environment Writing and Running Your First Python Program Python's Syntax and Indentation

Variables and Data Types

Variables in python Numeric Data Types (int, float) Text Data Type (str) Boolean Data Type (bool) Type Conversion (Casting) Dynamic Typing in Python

Control Flow

Conditional Statements (if, elif, else) Comparison Operators Logical Operators Loops (for and while) Loop Control Statements (break and continue)

Functions

Defining Functions Function Parameters and Arguments Return Statements Scope and Lifetime of Variables Lambda Functions Recursion

Data Structures

Lists and List Operations Dictionaries and Dictionary Operations Tuples Sets List Comprehensions Dictionary Comprehensions

File Handling

Opening and Closing Files Reading and Writing Text Files Handling Exceptions in File Operations

Modules and Libraries

Importing Modules Commonly Used Standard Libraries External Libraries: NumPy and Pandas Installing and Managing Libraries with pip

Error Handling

Exceptions in Python Handling Exceptions with try and except Custom Exceptions
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Tuples

Tuples

In Python, a tuple is an ordered collection of elements, similar to a list. However, unlike lists, tuples are immutable, meaning their elements cannot be modified once they are defined. This section covers the basics of tuples and common tuple operations.

1. Creating Tuples

You can create a tuple by enclosing elements in parentheses () and separating them with commas.

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

A tuple can contain elements of different data types, just like lists.

mixed_tuple = (1, "apple", 3.14, True)

2. Accessing Tuple Elements

You can access elements in a tuple by their index, similar to lists. Indexing starts from 0 for the first element.

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
first_fruit = fruits[0]  # Access the first element
second_fruit = fruits[1]  # Access the second element

Negative indexing can be used to access elements from the end of the tuple.

last_fruit = fruits[-1]  # Access the last element (cherry)

3. Slicing Tuples

You can slice a tuple to access a portion of its elements by specifying a range of indices.

numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
subtuple = numbers[1:4]  # Slice from index 1 (inclusive) to 4 (exclusive)
# subtuple will be (2, 3, 4)

You can omit the starting or ending index to slice from the beginning or to the end of the tuple, respectively.

first_three = numbers[:3]  # Slice from the start to index 3
last_two = numbers[3:]  # Slice from index 3 to the end

4. Modifying Tuples

Tuples are immutable, so you cannot change their elements once they are defined. If you need to modify a tuple, you must create a new one with the desired elements.

numbers = (1, 2, 3)
new_numbers = numbers + (4, 5)  # Create a new tuple with additional elements

5. Tuple Operations

Tuples support various operations, such as concatenation and repetition.

tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
combined = tuple1 + tuple2  # Concatenation
repeated = tuple1 * 3  # Repetition

6. Tuple Packing and Unpacking

Tuple packing is the process of creating a tuple with multiple elements, while tuple unpacking is the process of extracting elements from a tuple into separate variables.

coordinates = (3, 4)
x, y = coordinates  # Unpack the tuple into variables x and y

Tuple packing and unpacking are often used in functions that return multiple values.

Tuples are often used in situations where data should remain constant or should not be accidentally modified. They provide a structured way to represent and work with collections of data.

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